1.1. Intdoduction
While most public health associations were organized during the closing decades of the twentieth century, some were formed over a century earlier. The older ones were established in Europe Germany and the United Kingdom have a longstanding tradition of public health practice rooted in public health education and training and in the United States. The American Public Health Association, the oldest and largest association in the world, was founded in 1872.
Globalization is extensively debated, but lack of agreement over its meaning or its consequences means that potential advantages risk entanglement with the more harmful developments. Globalization therefore provokes a variety of questions, such as, for example, whether priority economic growth generates more inequality (or less), whether the rapid diffusion of cultural forms and consumer patterns from North to South has detrimental implications for health, and whether transnational companies wield disproportional power.
For public health agencies, institutions and associations the investigation of the link between this imprecise and disputed concept is especially daunting. International economic development is thought to be associated with improving health trends, yearly reported by the World Health Organization. However, such gains are by no means evenly spread while models of economic growth advocated by enthusiasts of globalisation may not be sustainable or lead to long-term health or social benefits. Conversely, it is clear, however, that faltering economic growth in some regions (parts of former Soviet Union, sub-Saharan Africa) is strongly linked to worsening health trends, whether measured by patterns of disease, declining population longevity, or indicators of sustainable development.
The forces that might explain such reversals are by no means entirely economic, indeed economic decline may be caused by disease and sickness (e.g. in the case of HIV/AIDS) rather than the other way around. In many other parts of the world, efforts to influence the determinants of health have been hampered, in some cases, by deteriorating public health arrangements; by the emphasis given to current health care spending in the acute sector over long-term investment in public health; by the limited capacity of states and international agencies when ranged against mounting need; by the limitations on political action created by the globalization of markets; and by lack of international agreement on a common plan of action.
Nor are the problems linked to globalization centre solely on those nation states with historically limited resources or which encounter particular disadvantages and risks. The growing scale of international travel and trade places even well-developed national public health infrastructures under the threat of microbial importation at a time when existing defenses (e.g. antibiotics) are reaching the limits of their effectiveness. Failure to take action on some of the external costs of global economic growth, such as climate change, threatens the global health security of the entire planet.
At a time when the pace of globalization has increased, international efforts to improve patterns of health and disease, to combat anti-health forces, and to cope with environmental risks have been extensively promulgated. These have ranged from the International AIDS conference in Durban, the malaria summit in Abuja, the meeting of Health and Finance Ministers on TB in Amsterdam and the Climate Summit in the Netherlands. Heads of State from developing and developed countries alike have called for stronger responses to the diseases most closely linked to poverty alongside international efforts to promote sustainable development. Within and around the World Health Organization, a number of international partnerships have been supported: Healthy Cities, and Health 21, Roll Back Malaria, Stop TB, The Tobacco Free Initiative, the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization, the Campaign to Eradicate Polio, and the International Partnership against AIDS in Africa, to name but a few.
2.1. The Role of the Public Health Movement
Through campaigns, charters, and by other means the international community has empowered numerous international agencies and NGOs with the responsibility for taking forward action. Through its Call to Action, the World Federation of Public Health Associations has assumed the role of world leadership among NGOs centrally involved in capacity building within the public health field.
THEREFORE BE IT RESOLVED that the World Federation of Public Health Associations (WFPHA), in direct cooperation with the agencies of the United Nations family, particularly with the World Health Organization, works to clarify areas of emerging public health risk associated with globalization, ranging from infectious and occupational diseases to diseases which are a product of the growing world-scale of anti-health forces.
2.2 Health and International Development
Development involves a series of directed changes in many aspects of individual, community, and national life. This term refers not only to increasing financial and material resources, but also to aspects of modernization. These include the expansion of technologies that make everyday life more comfortable and productive, and the attitudes that are associated with them. Incorporating these changes into everyday life generally leads to increased receptivity to further change. On a national scale, development includes investment in extractive and agricultural industries, factories, and infrastructure such as roads, dams, water supplies, and electric generation and communications systems. Investment in human potential through adequate educational opportunities, housing, employment, and health care is also important.
2.4. Establishment Of The world health organization
The World Health Organization is one of the original agencies of the United Nations, its constitution formally coming into force on the first World Health Day, (7 April 1948), when it was ratified by the 26th member state. Prior to this its operations, as well as the remaining activities of the League of Nations Health Organization, were under the control of an Interim Commission following an International Health Conference in the summer of 1946. The transfer was authorized by a Resolution of the General Assembly. The epidemiological service of the French Office International d'Hygiène Publique was incorporated into the Interim Commission of the World Health Organization on 1 January 1947.
The global headquarters of WHO are in Geneva, Switzerland, and there are six subordinate regional headquarters. These are: Copenhagen (Europe); Alexandria (Eastern Mediterranean); New Delhi (Southeast Asia); Harare (Africa); Manila (Western Pacific), and Washington (the Americas). The region of the Americas is divided further into six zones with regional headquarters in Mexico City, Guatemala City, Caracas, Lima, and Rio de Janeiro, as well as the headquarters in Washington.
Dr. Gro Harlem Brundtland, former Prime Minister of Norway, was elected Director-General of the WHO in 1998 and quickly organized WHO operations into nine clusters. These clusters are: Sustainable Development and Healthy Environments; Family and Health Services; Social Change and Mental Health; Communicable Diseases; Non-Communicable diseases; Evidence and Information for Policy; Health Technology and Drugs; External Relations and Governing Bodies; and General Management.
In 1997 the WHO had 193 members including the countries of the former Soviet Union and some smaller nations such as Andorra. The budget of the WHO is made up of dues from members plus voluntary contributions for special programs such as research on human reproduction; community water supply; tropical diseases; and other purposes. Many projects are paid for jointly by the WHO regular budget, by the country concerned, and by funds from other UN agencies listed above, including the World Bank.
The mission of the WHO as stated in article 1 of its constitution is "the attainment by all peoples of the highest possible level of health," a goal for which some two dozen specific functions are listed in article 2. The work of the WHO is divided into two major categories. The first is central technical services such as information about the occurrence of diseases; international standardization of vaccines and pharmaceuticals; and the dissemination of knowledge through meetings and publications. The second is services to governments, at the request of member countries, usually in the form of specific projects for training, primary care, or specific disease control programs.
2.5. Problem in Economics, Culture, and Politics
The most important determinant of the level of health in any population is not the absence or existence of formal health services. It is the degree of economic development, especially the proportion of people living in poverty. The primary cause of ill health is poverty, which produces immense suffering and injustice, frustrates individual potential, and denies the benefits of poverty-stricken individuals' contributions to everyone else. Poorer people everywhere are, on average, less healthy and do not live as long as wealthier people, and this applies to populations and nations as well as to individuals and families. Economic development permits advances in transportation and communication, water supply, electrification, refrigeration, and similar factors that have powerful effects on the level of well-being. Adequate economic and social conditions enable people to make choices about their profession, place of residence, and number of children.
Education, particularly of girls and women, is of primary importance to understanding the principles of sanitation and nutrition and recognizing the role of preventive measures such as immunization. As income rises, health status does not continue to improve indefinitely. There appears to be a level at which basic human needs are met and beyond which health status remains stable or may even decline. Health hazards associated with high incomes include obesity, diseases of the elderly, and those resulting from environmental pollution and degradation.
2.6. Global plan of action on workers health and Additional responsibilities
In coordination with the sixtieth world health assembly, the WHO drafted a global plan of action on workers' health to protect and promote health in the workplace, to improve the performance of and access to occupational health services, and to incorporate workers' health into other policies. The WHO has emphasized the effort because, despite the availability of effective interventions to prevent occupational hazards, large gaps exist between and within countries with regard to the health status of workers and their exposure to occupational risks. According to the WHO, only a small minority of the global workforce has access to occupational health services. The action plan deals with aspects of workers' health, including primary prevention of occupational hazards, protection and promotion of health at work, employment conditions, and a better response from health systems to workers' health.
In addition to the WHO's stated mission, international treaties assign the Organization a variety of responsibilities. For instance, the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs and the Convention on Psychotropic Substances call on the WHO to issue binding scientific and medical assessments of psychoactive drugs and to recommend how they should be regulated. In this way, the WHO acts as a check on the national drug policy-making Commission on Narcotic Drugs.
The WHO also compiles the widely-followed International Classification of Diseases (ICD). The tenth revision of the ICD, also known as ICD-10, was released in 1992 and a searchable version is available online on the WHO website. Later revisions are indexed and available in hard-copy versions. The WHO does not permit simultaneous classification in two separate areas.
The WHO also maintains a model list of essential medicines that all countries' health-care systems should make available and affordable to the general population.
2.7. Year 2000 and 2020 Goals
In 1990, WHO joined with UNICEF in urging the UN Summit for Children to set Year 2000 goals. These goals included increased immunization rates; reduction of infant, under five, and maternal mortality rates; water and sanitation, as well as education for all; the reduction of malnutrition; and the elimination of micronutrient disorders.
After the end of the Cold War, the hope for a "peace dividend" from disarmament did not materialize. On the contrary, with a few exceptions, since that time the volume of development funds from the industrialized countries has shrunk. The 2001 session of the UN General Assembly is likely to be disappointing in its review of the summit goals. The water, sanitation, and education for all goals will certainly fall far short of target. There is still hope, however, for the elimination of polio and guinea worms, as well as the virtual elimination of iodine deficiency disorders.
By 2010, transmission of Chagas' disease will be interrupted, and leprosy will be eliminated. By 2020, maternal mortality rates will be halved; the worldwide burden of disease will be substantially decreased by reversing the current trends of incidence and disability caused by tuberculosis, malaria, HIV/AIDS, tobacco-related diseases, and violence; measles will be eradicated; and lymphatic filariasis eliminated. By 2020, all countries will have made major progress in making available safe drinking water, adequate sanitation, food and shelter in sufficient quantity and Quality; all countries will have introduced and be actively managing monitoring strategies that strengthen health-enhancing lifestyles and weaken health-damaging ones, through a combination of regulatory, economic, educational, organization-based, and community-based programs. By 2005, member states will have operational mechanisms for developing, implementing, and monitoring policies that are consistent with the HFA policy. By 2010, appropriate global and national health information, surveillance, and alert systems will be operational; research policies and institutional mechanisms will be operational at global, regional, and country levels; and all people will have access throughout their lives to comprehensive, essential, quality health care, supported by essential public health functions.
In addition to the two clusters on management and governing bodies, the program clusters are: communicable diseases, non communicable diseases, sustainable development and health environments, family and community health, evidence and information for policy, health technology and pharmaceuticals, and social change and mental health.
2.8. Seroprevalence of HIV Infection In Hong Kong
Surveillance of HIV/AIDS is important for gauging the extent of the infection and enhancing understanding of the pattern and characteristics of the epidemic. Achieving these are in turn crucial for bettering HIV/AIDS prevention, care and control programmes. In Hong Kong, since the early days of HIV epidemic, HIV/AIDS surveillance has been conducted through a voluntary case reporting system, as well as a coordinated system of seroprevalence studies. The HIV seroprevalence surveillance system in Hong Kong collects data through two major sources: (a) unlinked anonymous screening (UAS)1 and (b)voluntary testing or screening. Through established mechanisms under these two sources, HIV screening were regularly performed for various target populations or settings, which can be arbitrarily grouped under three categories: (a) general populations with no apparent risk, (b) vulnerable communities with defined behavioural risk, and (c) special groups or setting with undefined HIV risk. While HIV screening mechanisms have been in place for some populations soon after the availability of antibody kit in 1985, testing for other populations under the seroprevalence surveillance system have started later.
2.9. Expanding Education Opportunities to Healthcare Workers In Developing Countries
Founded in 1948, the World Health Organization (WHO) has a single vision – “the attainment by all peoples of the highest possible level of health,” defining health as a state of complete physical, mental wellness-not only the lack of illness or disease. Access to education by health professionals in the Pacific Rim was considered limited by
the lack of technology infrastructure, quality and sustainability issues, and attitudinal preparedness on the part of teachers.
WHO sought to assess the demand for open learning and the capabilities of Pacific Rim countries to support such an initiative, specifically the countries of Cook Islands, Fiji, Guam, Kiribati, Samoa, Tonga, and Vanuatu. With agrant from the government of Japan, the World Health Organization engaged Hezel Associates to conduct afeasibility study for an open learning service in the western Pacific region in support of organizational goals. The Hezel approach: expert-centered demand mapping. Hezel Associates assembled a worldwide team of experts on two fronts: Internal secondary research and external primary research to create a demand map of a moving target – open learning need.
Intra-country consultants identified the key players and stakeholders that would impact a future service offered by WHO and provided detailed analysis of significant issues contributing to the need including healthcare workforce preparedness, education and training services for professionals, and educational healthcare programs. Based on the research, Hezel Associates recommended support of a multi-organization approach establishing an open learning system in a manner that would avoid duplicating the efforts of stakeholders and other interested parties. The 17 recommendations outlined key agencies and supporters, infrastructure needs, and opportunities for creative alliances providing forward action on technology initiatives to support open learning.
3.1. Conclusion
Problem about health is here today. We have to solve this problem start from our self before ask any body to do the same thing. WHO should take an active role to save human who get trouble in healthy. the most effective way to do is beginning from this organization. Do it seriously, inform anybody, reduce any kind of problem, and make human as a human being, without make any differentiate one to another people from one generation to other.
While most public health associations were organized during the closing decades of the twentieth century, some were formed over a century earlier. The older ones were established in Europe Germany and the United Kingdom have a longstanding tradition of public health practice rooted in public health education and training and in the United States. The American Public Health Association, the oldest and largest association in the world, was founded in 1872.
Globalization is extensively debated, but lack of agreement over its meaning or its consequences means that potential advantages risk entanglement with the more harmful developments. Globalization therefore provokes a variety of questions, such as, for example, whether priority economic growth generates more inequality (or less), whether the rapid diffusion of cultural forms and consumer patterns from North to South has detrimental implications for health, and whether transnational companies wield disproportional power.
For public health agencies, institutions and associations the investigation of the link between this imprecise and disputed concept is especially daunting. International economic development is thought to be associated with improving health trends, yearly reported by the World Health Organization. However, such gains are by no means evenly spread while models of economic growth advocated by enthusiasts of globalisation may not be sustainable or lead to long-term health or social benefits. Conversely, it is clear, however, that faltering economic growth in some regions (parts of former Soviet Union, sub-Saharan Africa) is strongly linked to worsening health trends, whether measured by patterns of disease, declining population longevity, or indicators of sustainable development.
The forces that might explain such reversals are by no means entirely economic, indeed economic decline may be caused by disease and sickness (e.g. in the case of HIV/AIDS) rather than the other way around. In many other parts of the world, efforts to influence the determinants of health have been hampered, in some cases, by deteriorating public health arrangements; by the emphasis given to current health care spending in the acute sector over long-term investment in public health; by the limited capacity of states and international agencies when ranged against mounting need; by the limitations on political action created by the globalization of markets; and by lack of international agreement on a common plan of action.
Nor are the problems linked to globalization centre solely on those nation states with historically limited resources or which encounter particular disadvantages and risks. The growing scale of international travel and trade places even well-developed national public health infrastructures under the threat of microbial importation at a time when existing defenses (e.g. antibiotics) are reaching the limits of their effectiveness. Failure to take action on some of the external costs of global economic growth, such as climate change, threatens the global health security of the entire planet.
At a time when the pace of globalization has increased, international efforts to improve patterns of health and disease, to combat anti-health forces, and to cope with environmental risks have been extensively promulgated. These have ranged from the International AIDS conference in Durban, the malaria summit in Abuja, the meeting of Health and Finance Ministers on TB in Amsterdam and the Climate Summit in the Netherlands. Heads of State from developing and developed countries alike have called for stronger responses to the diseases most closely linked to poverty alongside international efforts to promote sustainable development. Within and around the World Health Organization, a number of international partnerships have been supported: Healthy Cities, and Health 21, Roll Back Malaria, Stop TB, The Tobacco Free Initiative, the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization, the Campaign to Eradicate Polio, and the International Partnership against AIDS in Africa, to name but a few.
2.1. The Role of the Public Health Movement
Through campaigns, charters, and by other means the international community has empowered numerous international agencies and NGOs with the responsibility for taking forward action. Through its Call to Action, the World Federation of Public Health Associations has assumed the role of world leadership among NGOs centrally involved in capacity building within the public health field.
THEREFORE BE IT RESOLVED that the World Federation of Public Health Associations (WFPHA), in direct cooperation with the agencies of the United Nations family, particularly with the World Health Organization, works to clarify areas of emerging public health risk associated with globalization, ranging from infectious and occupational diseases to diseases which are a product of the growing world-scale of anti-health forces.
2.2 Health and International Development
Development involves a series of directed changes in many aspects of individual, community, and national life. This term refers not only to increasing financial and material resources, but also to aspects of modernization. These include the expansion of technologies that make everyday life more comfortable and productive, and the attitudes that are associated with them. Incorporating these changes into everyday life generally leads to increased receptivity to further change. On a national scale, development includes investment in extractive and agricultural industries, factories, and infrastructure such as roads, dams, water supplies, and electric generation and communications systems. Investment in human potential through adequate educational opportunities, housing, employment, and health care is also important.
2.4. Establishment Of The world health organization
The World Health Organization is one of the original agencies of the United Nations, its constitution formally coming into force on the first World Health Day, (7 April 1948), when it was ratified by the 26th member state. Prior to this its operations, as well as the remaining activities of the League of Nations Health Organization, were under the control of an Interim Commission following an International Health Conference in the summer of 1946. The transfer was authorized by a Resolution of the General Assembly. The epidemiological service of the French Office International d'Hygiène Publique was incorporated into the Interim Commission of the World Health Organization on 1 January 1947.
The global headquarters of WHO are in Geneva, Switzerland, and there are six subordinate regional headquarters. These are: Copenhagen (Europe); Alexandria (Eastern Mediterranean); New Delhi (Southeast Asia); Harare (Africa); Manila (Western Pacific), and Washington (the Americas). The region of the Americas is divided further into six zones with regional headquarters in Mexico City, Guatemala City, Caracas, Lima, and Rio de Janeiro, as well as the headquarters in Washington.
Dr. Gro Harlem Brundtland, former Prime Minister of Norway, was elected Director-General of the WHO in 1998 and quickly organized WHO operations into nine clusters. These clusters are: Sustainable Development and Healthy Environments; Family and Health Services; Social Change and Mental Health; Communicable Diseases; Non-Communicable diseases; Evidence and Information for Policy; Health Technology and Drugs; External Relations and Governing Bodies; and General Management.
In 1997 the WHO had 193 members including the countries of the former Soviet Union and some smaller nations such as Andorra. The budget of the WHO is made up of dues from members plus voluntary contributions for special programs such as research on human reproduction; community water supply; tropical diseases; and other purposes. Many projects are paid for jointly by the WHO regular budget, by the country concerned, and by funds from other UN agencies listed above, including the World Bank.
The mission of the WHO as stated in article 1 of its constitution is "the attainment by all peoples of the highest possible level of health," a goal for which some two dozen specific functions are listed in article 2. The work of the WHO is divided into two major categories. The first is central technical services such as information about the occurrence of diseases; international standardization of vaccines and pharmaceuticals; and the dissemination of knowledge through meetings and publications. The second is services to governments, at the request of member countries, usually in the form of specific projects for training, primary care, or specific disease control programs.
2.5. Problem in Economics, Culture, and Politics
The most important determinant of the level of health in any population is not the absence or existence of formal health services. It is the degree of economic development, especially the proportion of people living in poverty. The primary cause of ill health is poverty, which produces immense suffering and injustice, frustrates individual potential, and denies the benefits of poverty-stricken individuals' contributions to everyone else. Poorer people everywhere are, on average, less healthy and do not live as long as wealthier people, and this applies to populations and nations as well as to individuals and families. Economic development permits advances in transportation and communication, water supply, electrification, refrigeration, and similar factors that have powerful effects on the level of well-being. Adequate economic and social conditions enable people to make choices about their profession, place of residence, and number of children.
Education, particularly of girls and women, is of primary importance to understanding the principles of sanitation and nutrition and recognizing the role of preventive measures such as immunization. As income rises, health status does not continue to improve indefinitely. There appears to be a level at which basic human needs are met and beyond which health status remains stable or may even decline. Health hazards associated with high incomes include obesity, diseases of the elderly, and those resulting from environmental pollution and degradation.
2.6. Global plan of action on workers health and Additional responsibilities
In coordination with the sixtieth world health assembly, the WHO drafted a global plan of action on workers' health to protect and promote health in the workplace, to improve the performance of and access to occupational health services, and to incorporate workers' health into other policies. The WHO has emphasized the effort because, despite the availability of effective interventions to prevent occupational hazards, large gaps exist between and within countries with regard to the health status of workers and their exposure to occupational risks. According to the WHO, only a small minority of the global workforce has access to occupational health services. The action plan deals with aspects of workers' health, including primary prevention of occupational hazards, protection and promotion of health at work, employment conditions, and a better response from health systems to workers' health.
In addition to the WHO's stated mission, international treaties assign the Organization a variety of responsibilities. For instance, the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs and the Convention on Psychotropic Substances call on the WHO to issue binding scientific and medical assessments of psychoactive drugs and to recommend how they should be regulated. In this way, the WHO acts as a check on the national drug policy-making Commission on Narcotic Drugs.
The WHO also compiles the widely-followed International Classification of Diseases (ICD). The tenth revision of the ICD, also known as ICD-10, was released in 1992 and a searchable version is available online on the WHO website. Later revisions are indexed and available in hard-copy versions. The WHO does not permit simultaneous classification in two separate areas.
The WHO also maintains a model list of essential medicines that all countries' health-care systems should make available and affordable to the general population.
2.7. Year 2000 and 2020 Goals
In 1990, WHO joined with UNICEF in urging the UN Summit for Children to set Year 2000 goals. These goals included increased immunization rates; reduction of infant, under five, and maternal mortality rates; water and sanitation, as well as education for all; the reduction of malnutrition; and the elimination of micronutrient disorders.
After the end of the Cold War, the hope for a "peace dividend" from disarmament did not materialize. On the contrary, with a few exceptions, since that time the volume of development funds from the industrialized countries has shrunk. The 2001 session of the UN General Assembly is likely to be disappointing in its review of the summit goals. The water, sanitation, and education for all goals will certainly fall far short of target. There is still hope, however, for the elimination of polio and guinea worms, as well as the virtual elimination of iodine deficiency disorders.
By 2010, transmission of Chagas' disease will be interrupted, and leprosy will be eliminated. By 2020, maternal mortality rates will be halved; the worldwide burden of disease will be substantially decreased by reversing the current trends of incidence and disability caused by tuberculosis, malaria, HIV/AIDS, tobacco-related diseases, and violence; measles will be eradicated; and lymphatic filariasis eliminated. By 2020, all countries will have made major progress in making available safe drinking water, adequate sanitation, food and shelter in sufficient quantity and Quality; all countries will have introduced and be actively managing monitoring strategies that strengthen health-enhancing lifestyles and weaken health-damaging ones, through a combination of regulatory, economic, educational, organization-based, and community-based programs. By 2005, member states will have operational mechanisms for developing, implementing, and monitoring policies that are consistent with the HFA policy. By 2010, appropriate global and national health information, surveillance, and alert systems will be operational; research policies and institutional mechanisms will be operational at global, regional, and country levels; and all people will have access throughout their lives to comprehensive, essential, quality health care, supported by essential public health functions.
In addition to the two clusters on management and governing bodies, the program clusters are: communicable diseases, non communicable diseases, sustainable development and health environments, family and community health, evidence and information for policy, health technology and pharmaceuticals, and social change and mental health.
2.8. Seroprevalence of HIV Infection In Hong Kong
Surveillance of HIV/AIDS is important for gauging the extent of the infection and enhancing understanding of the pattern and characteristics of the epidemic. Achieving these are in turn crucial for bettering HIV/AIDS prevention, care and control programmes. In Hong Kong, since the early days of HIV epidemic, HIV/AIDS surveillance has been conducted through a voluntary case reporting system, as well as a coordinated system of seroprevalence studies. The HIV seroprevalence surveillance system in Hong Kong collects data through two major sources: (a) unlinked anonymous screening (UAS)1 and (b)voluntary testing or screening. Through established mechanisms under these two sources, HIV screening were regularly performed for various target populations or settings, which can be arbitrarily grouped under three categories: (a) general populations with no apparent risk, (b) vulnerable communities with defined behavioural risk, and (c) special groups or setting with undefined HIV risk. While HIV screening mechanisms have been in place for some populations soon after the availability of antibody kit in 1985, testing for other populations under the seroprevalence surveillance system have started later.
2.9. Expanding Education Opportunities to Healthcare Workers In Developing Countries
Founded in 1948, the World Health Organization (WHO) has a single vision – “the attainment by all peoples of the highest possible level of health,” defining health as a state of complete physical, mental wellness-not only the lack of illness or disease. Access to education by health professionals in the Pacific Rim was considered limited by
the lack of technology infrastructure, quality and sustainability issues, and attitudinal preparedness on the part of teachers.
WHO sought to assess the demand for open learning and the capabilities of Pacific Rim countries to support such an initiative, specifically the countries of Cook Islands, Fiji, Guam, Kiribati, Samoa, Tonga, and Vanuatu. With agrant from the government of Japan, the World Health Organization engaged Hezel Associates to conduct afeasibility study for an open learning service in the western Pacific region in support of organizational goals. The Hezel approach: expert-centered demand mapping. Hezel Associates assembled a worldwide team of experts on two fronts: Internal secondary research and external primary research to create a demand map of a moving target – open learning need.
Intra-country consultants identified the key players and stakeholders that would impact a future service offered by WHO and provided detailed analysis of significant issues contributing to the need including healthcare workforce preparedness, education and training services for professionals, and educational healthcare programs. Based on the research, Hezel Associates recommended support of a multi-organization approach establishing an open learning system in a manner that would avoid duplicating the efforts of stakeholders and other interested parties. The 17 recommendations outlined key agencies and supporters, infrastructure needs, and opportunities for creative alliances providing forward action on technology initiatives to support open learning.
3.1. Conclusion
Problem about health is here today. We have to solve this problem start from our self before ask any body to do the same thing. WHO should take an active role to save human who get trouble in healthy. the most effective way to do is beginning from this organization. Do it seriously, inform anybody, reduce any kind of problem, and make human as a human being, without make any differentiate one to another people from one generation to other.
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